Programming Concept

definition

(1)program:

                        Program is a set of instructions written in programming language to perform a specified task.

(2)PROGRAMMIng:

                                   Programming is the process to give instructions to the computer.

(3)programmers: 

                                      The person who is involved to  prepare a computer program is called programmer.

(4)system programmers:

                                                                       The person who writes program to boot the computer,to control the hardware components , etc are called system programmers.

(5)application  programmers:

                                                                                   Appication programmer are used to design a application program to fulfill a specified task.

(6)PROGRAMMING  LANGUAGE:

                                                                                    The language which is used to write programs for the computer is called programming language.

(7)machine language:

                                              The first language of computer was binary language, which is also known as machine language.                                                                                                                          (8)Assembly language:

                                           Due to the complexities of machine language in the early 1950’s IBM company with contribution of computer scientists developed another language, which is known as assembly language.

(9)High level language:

                                            In the early 1960’s different languages were developed and used in the third generation of computers which are known as High level language.

(10) Compiler:

                         Compiler is a language translator that translates the program written in high level language to machine language at once.

(11)Interpreter:

                             Interpreter is a language translator that translates the program written in high level language to machine language statement by statement.

(12)Assembler:

                            Assembler is a language translator, which translates an assembly language program into its equivalent machine language program.  

 (13)Fourth generation language:                                                                                            Fourth generation languages are closer to human languages than typical high level programming language.

(14)Advantages of machine language:

Ø Machine language is directly understood by the computer so the program written in machine language does not need to be converted.

 Ø The program developed using machine  language becomes extremely fast since   no conversion is required.

                                                                                                                        

Disadvantage of machine language:

Ø Programming using machine language is difficult to write and remember.

Ø  A machine language is machine dependent. Machine codes depend upon the architecture of the computer.

Ø  Since, Machine codes depend upon the architecture of the computer.Programmers must know the knowledge of hardware.

Ø  It is time consuming and tedious task to modify the program written in machine language.

(15)Advantages of Assembly language:
                    

Ø   since the assembly language uses symbols and mnemonic codes it is easy  to understand write and modify program  in assembly language.

Ø The program written in assembly language executes faster because it is closer to the machine.

Ø It is easy to find out errors in the programs written in assembly language.             

 Disadvantage of Assembly language:

Ø   A assembly language  is also machine dependent language.The  program  written for one type of  computer has to be modified to use in another type of computer.

Ø The program written in assembly language is less efficient.The assembly  program takes more time to execute  than the machine codes program.

Ø  Since assembly language is machine   dependent,the programmer must have   knowledge of hardware.

(16)Advantages of High level language:

Ø Since high level language are closer to English language, they are easy to  learn and use.

Ø High level language are machine independent.so,It is easy to write and  modify programs written in high  level   language.

 Ø The program written  in high level   language  for one type of machine can be used in  another type  with simple modifications or with no modification.

 Ø It is faster to write programs in the high level language.

Ø It is easy to do documentation of high level program.

Disadvantage of High level language:

 Ø  Programs written in high level language  must need language processors   to convert  into  machine  language.

Ø  High level programs takes more time to execute in computer.

Ø  Programs written in high level  language cannot completely control hardware.